On the electronic quantum structures of conductors

Abstract

This paper investigates the quantum of kinetic momentum in a two-particle system of correlated electrons. Under these conditions, the minimum possible magnetic flux quantum becomes half of the flux calculated for a single electron, presenting an apparent contradiction. Since magnetic flux is an additive quantity, one might naturally expect an increase, not a decrease, in the flux. This study aims to resolve this contradiction. While pair correlation leads to a halving of the magnetic flux quantum relative to F. London’s value, n-fold correlations would theoretically reduce the quantum by a factor of n. This, however, defies conventional explanation. It is unacceptable to attribute the quantum of kinetic momentum to a Cooper pair; rather, a quantum of kinetic momentum must be assigned to an individual particle, not a system of particles. F. London’s quantum should, therefore, be regarded solely as a quantum of magnetic flux.